Catalytic Biomass-to-Hydrogen Conversion: Emerging Technologies, Sustainability Challenges, and Prospects for Low-Carbon Energy Systems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70112/arme-2026.15.1.4324Keywords:
Hydrogen Production, Co-pyrolysis, Nickel Catalyst, Balt Catalyst, Plasma Gasification, Supercritical Water Processing, Nano CatalystsAbstract
The escalating global demand for renewable energy alternatives to conventional fossil fuels has positioned hydrogen as a pivotal energy vector for future energy systems. Hydrogen derived from biomass has garnered considerable attention in recent years, as it constitutes a renewable energy source while simultaneously contributing to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy production. This paper will analyse the technological advances that have been made recently in producing hydrogen using biomass as a source. Recent studies have shown that the concept of using biomass and plastic for their co-pyrolysis is an area of synergistic research where the production of hydrogen can be increased by as much as 19.40 wt% by adding certain transition metal catalysts, namely nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), to increase hydrogen selectivity. The co-gasification process using plasma in combination with coal and biomass as fuel has been found to be a promising process to generate hydrogen gas at high efficiency levels. Production of hydrogen using biomass co-gasification technology in conjunction with plastic materials represents an additional viable pathway. Despite the many technological developments made in these hydrogen conversion methods, there are still difficulties like low volumetric productivity and high cost of production that hinder the scaling-up of their applications on an industrial scale. However, approaches that integrate thermochemical and plasma methods, along with improvements in bioreactor technology and catalysts, can serve as potential ways towards achieving high conversion efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This article ends with an assessment of the future prospects for hydrogen from biomass as an environmentally sustainable alternative source of hydrogen production compared to fossil fuels.
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